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BeePIV: A Method to Measure Apis Mellifera Traffic with Particle Image Velocimetry in Videos

Accurate measurement of honeybee (Apis mellifera) traffic in the vicinity of the hive is critical in systems that continuously monitor honeybee colonies to detect deviations from the norm. BeePIV, the algorithm we describe and evaluate in this article, is a new significant result in our longitudinal investigation of honeybee flight and traffic in electronic beehive monitoring. BeePIV converts frames from bee traffic videos to particle motion frames with uniform background, applies particle image velocimetry to these motion frames to compute particle displacement vector fields, classifies individual displacement vectors as incoming, outgoing, and lateral, and uses the respective vector counts to measure incoming, outgoing, and lateral bee traffic. We evaluate BeePIV on twelve 30-s color videos with a total frame count of 8928 frames for which we obtained the ground truth by manually counting every full bee motion in each frame. The bee motion counts obtained from these videos with BeePIV come closer to the human bee motion counts than the bee motion counts obtained with our previous video-based bee counting.